Main questions:
1. The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the?
H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
2. In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions?
Provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient
3. The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is?
NAD+
Main Facts:
1. To keep working, a cell must regenerate the ATP it uses.
2. The breakdown of glucose and other organic fuels is exergonic. Starting with glucose or another organic molecule and using O2, aerobic respiration yields water, CO2, and energy in the form of ATP and heat.
3. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle supply electrons to the electron transport chain, which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
4. About 40% of the energy stored in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, producing a maximum of about 38 ATP.
5. Glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms and probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was O2 in the atmosphere.
Summary:
Key terms:
1. Fermentation: is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen.
2. Aerobic respiration: oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
3. Cellular respiration: includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation: it is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.
5. Substrate-level phosphorylation: a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by a mechanism.
6. ATP synthase: the enzyme that actually makes ATP and ADP and inorganic phosphate.
7. Chemiosmosis: Is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP.
8. Obligate anaerobes: carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and in face cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
9. Oxidizing agent-The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
10. Cytochrome-An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells.
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